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<title>Wolf Singer</title>

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</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Wolf Singer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1943-03-09</span>)</span>9 March 1943<br><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Germany</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a>, <a href="Technical_University_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="Technical University Munich">Technical University Munich</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="Ernst_Jung_Prize" title="Ernst Jung Prize">Ernst Jung Prize</a> <small>(1994)</small><br><a href="K%C3%B6rber_European_Science_Prize" title="Körber European Science Prize">Körber European Science Prize</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(2000)</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="Neuroscience" title="Neuroscience">Neuroscience</a>, <a href="Cognitive_science" title="Cognitive science">cognitive science</a>, <a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>, <a href="Neurobiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Neurobiology">neurobiology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Brain Research">Max Planck Institute for Brain Research</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i> The role of telencephalic commissures in bilateral EEG-synchrony </i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1968)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="Otto_Detlev_Creutzfeldt" title="Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt">Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2">

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<p><b>Wolf Joachim Singer</b> (born 9 March 1943) is a German <a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiologist</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life_and_career">Life and career</h2></div>

<p>Singer was born in <a href="Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> and studied medicine at the <a href="Ludwig_Maximilian_University_of_Munich" title="Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich">Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich</a> (LMU Munich) from 1965 onwards (as a scholarship holder of the German Academic Scholarship Foundation) and 1965/66 two semesters at the <a href="University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a> in Paris. In 1968, he received his Ph.D. from Ludwig Maximilian University with his doctoral thesis on "The role of telencephalic commissures in bilateral EEG-synchrony." His doctoral supervisor was <a href="Otto_Detlev_Creutzfeldt" title="Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt">Otto Detlev Creutzfeldt</a> of the <a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_Psychiatry" class="mw-redirect" title="Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute for Psychiatry</a>. During his advanced training in <a href="Neurophysiology" title="Neurophysiology">neurophysiology</a>, he spent a year at the <a href="University_of_Sussex" title="University of Sussex">University of Sussex</a> in England. In 1970 he received his medical licence as a <a href="Physician" title="Physician">physician</a> while working as a doctor at the University Hospital Munich.

</p><p>In 1975, he <a href="Habilitation" title="Habilitation">habilitated</a> in Physiology at the Medical Faculty of the <a href="Technical_University_of_Munich" title="Technical University of Munich">Technical University of Munich</a>. In 1981, he was appointed a member of the <a href="Max_Planck_Society" title="Max Planck Society">Max Planck Society</a> and Director of the Department of Neurophysiology at the <a href="Max_Planck_Institute_for_Brain_Research" title="Max Planck Institute for Brain Research">Max Planck Institute for Brain Research</a> in Frankfurt am Main. Here, together with <a href="Walter_Greiner" title="Walter Greiner">Walter Greiner</a> and <a href="Horst_St%C3%B6cker" title="Horst Stöcker">Horst Stöcker</a>, he founded the <a href="Frankfurt_Institute_for_Advanced_Studies" title="Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies">Frankfurt Institute for Advanced Studies</a> (FIAS) as well as the Brain Imaging Center (BIC) in 2004 and the Ernst Strüngmann Science Forum and the <a href="Ernst_Str%C3%BCngmann_Institute" title="Ernst Strüngmann Institute">Ernst Strüngmann Institute</a> (ESI). He is an honorary professor of physiology at the <a href="Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">Goethe University Frankfurt</a>. Since 2011 he has the status of an emeritus and as such continues to operate the "Singer-Emeritus-Department" at MPI Frankfurt.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>Wolf Singer is the father of brain researcher and cognitive scientist <a href="Tania_Singer" title="Tania Singer">Tania Singer</a>.

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<p>The aim of the work of his neurophysiological department is to elucidate the neuronal processes in the case of so-called higher cognitive performance, such as in the case of visual perception, in memory, or in other ways of cognition. In his institute, among other things, the emergence of visual disorder <a href="Amblyopia" title="Amblyopia">amblyopia</a> is also being studied.

</p><p>In the neurophysiological research community, Singer is internationally known for his research and reflections on the physiological basis of attention and identification procedures. The institute, with its technically elaborate experiments, is primarily concerned with the <a href="Binding_problem" title="Binding problem">binding problem</a>, where the question is at the center of how different sensory aspects of an object – form, color, hardness, weight, smell, etc. - can be combined into a single object experience. The theory is based, among others, on the works by <a href="Christoph_von_der_Malsburg" title="Christoph von der Malsburg">Christoph von der Malsburg</a>. It attaches great importance to the temporal synchronicity of neuronal activity in the <a href="Cerebral_cortex" title="Cerebral cortex">cortex</a>. Corresponding oscillator frequencies of the nerve cells would then refer to the same object, while other frequencies would mark other objects.

</p><p>Singer represents a naturalistic interpretation of neurophysiological data and strives to make the results of brain research known to the public.

</p><p>Singer is a board member of the <a href="Mind_%26_Life_Institute" title="Mind & Life Institute">Mind & Life Institute</a>.

</p><p>He has also researched the neuroscience of <a href="Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> in partnership with <a href="Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will_and_guilt">Free will and guilt</h3></div>

<p>Singer, like <a href="Gerhard_Roth" title="Gerhard Roth">Gerhard Roth</a>, became the focus of public discussions in Germany through interviews, lectures and popular science essays regarding the consequences of neurological research to political and juridical, psychological and developmental psychology, pedagogical or anthropological, as well as architectural or urban questions and even to historical and philosophical views.

</p><p>His thesis on the <a href="Free_will" title="Free will">free will</a> was particularly controversial. Singer declined to speak of a free will. This he expressed publicly in an article published in the <a href="Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a> in 2004, whose subtitling he made in the slightly modified formulation "Brain structures determine us: We should stop talking about free will" as the main title of the reprinting of an extensive scientific contribution to the discussion "Brain as a Subject? (Part I)" in the German <i>Journal of Philosophy</i>. Singer argues that the natural scientific causal model, according to which the world is to be viewed as a closed deterministic whole, excludes freedom. Proponents of the concept of freedom as <a href="Peter_Bieri_(author)" title="Peter Bieri (author)">Peter Bieri</a> argue, however, that the notion of freedom of will is only under certain conditions contrary to determinism and that these assumptions need not to be accepted.

</p><p>Singer also demands that the lack of free will must have consequences for our conceptions of guilt and punishment: if no one can decide freely from a scientific point of view, it is not useful to make people responsible for their actions. Socially intolerable persons would have to be "locked away" and "subjected to specific educational programs".<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

</p><p>In 2004, Wolf Singer was one of the authors of <i>Das Manifest</i>, a declaration of eleven leading neuroscientists on the presence and future of brain research, published in the magazine <i>Gehirn & Geist</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2></div>

<p>Singer received many honors for his scientific work, including the <a href="Ernst_Jung_Prize" title="Ernst Jung Prize">Ernst Jung Prize</a> for Science and Research, the Neuronal Plasticity Prize, the Zülch Prize, the Max Planck Prize for Public Relations, the <a href="Hessian_Cultural_Prize" title="Hessian Cultural Prize">Hessian Cultural Prize</a>, the Communicator Prize of the <a href="Stifterverband_f%C3%BCr_die_Deutsche_Wissenschaft" title="Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft">Stifterverband für die Deutsche Wissenschaft</a>, honorary doctorates of the <a href="Carl_von_Ossietzky_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl von Ossietzky University">Carl von Ossietzky University</a> in Oldenburg and the <a href="Rutgers_University" title="Rutgers University">Rutgers University</a>, New Jersey, the <a href="K%C3%B6rber_European_Science_Prize" title="Körber European Science Prize">Körber European Science Prize</a> and the Medaille de la Ville de Paris. Since 1998 he has been a member of the German National <a href="Academy_of_Sciences_Leopoldina" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy of Sciences Leopoldina">Academy of Sciences Leopoldina</a> and since 2003 of the <a href="German_Academy_for_Language_and_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="German Academy for Language and Literature">German Academy for Language and Literature</a>.

</p><p>He was also honored in France becoming a knight of the <a href="National_Order_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="National Order of the Legion of Honour">National Order of the Legion of Honour</a> (Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur). In 1992, Singer was appointed a lifelong member of the <a href="Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2002, he received the Ernst Hellmut Vits Award from the <a href="Westf%C3%A4lische_Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t" class="mw-redirect" title="Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität">Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität</a> in Münster (Westphalia).

</p><p>Singer was a member of the Advisory Board of the <a href="Giordano_Bruno_Foundation" title="Giordano Bruno Foundation">Giordano Bruno Foundation</a> until 2012. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of the Hertie Foundation. Since 2007 he has been a foreign member of the <a href="Russian_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Russian Academy of Sciences">Russian Academy of Sciences</a>. He is also a member of the <a href="Berlin-Brandenburg_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Humanities" title="Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities">Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities</a> and a fellow of the <a href="American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.

</p><p>In 2011, he received the Officer's cross of the <a href="Order_of_Merit_of_the_Federal_Republic_of_Germany" title="Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany">Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany</a>. In the same year <a href="Pope_Benedict_XVI" title="Pope Benedict XVI">Pope Benedict XVI</a> appointed him as a member of the <a href="Pontifical_Council_for_Culture" title="Pontifical Council for Culture">Pontifical Council for Culture</a>.

In 2013, the Leopoldina distinguished him with the Cothenius medal. In 2014, he was elected to the <a href="European_Molecular_Biology_Organization" title="European Molecular Biology Organization">European Molecular Biology Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2></div>

<dl><dt>Selected articles</dt>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFGrayKönigEngelSinger1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Charles M.; König, Peter; <a href="Andreas_K._Engel" title="Andreas K. Engel">Engel, Andreas K.</a>; Singer, Wolf (1989). "Oscillatory responses in cat visual cortex exhibit inter-columnar synchronization which reflects global stimulus properties". <i>Nature</i>. <b>338</b> (6213). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">334–</span>337. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989Natur.338..334G">1989Natur.338..334G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F338334a0">10.1038/338334a0</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">0028-0836</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2922061">2922061</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4281744">4281744</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFGraySinger1989" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, C M; Singer, W (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286768">"Stimulus-specific neuronal oscillations in orientation columns of cat visual cortex"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>86</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1698–</span>1702. <a href="Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1989PNAS...86.1698G">1989PNAS...86.1698G</a>. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.86.5.1698">10.1073/pnas.86.5.1698</a></span>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC286768">286768</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/2922407">2922407</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSinger1993" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, W (1993). "Synchronization of Cortical Activity and its Putative Role in Information Processing and Learning". <i>Annual Review of Physiology</i>. <b>55</b> (1). Annual Reviews: <span class="nowrap">349–</span>374. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.ph.55.030193.002025">10.1146/annurev.ph.55.030193.002025</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0066-4278">0066-4278</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8466179">8466179</a>.</cite></li>

<li><i>Visual feature integration and the temporal correlation hypothesis</i>, Annual review of physiology, 1995.</li>

<li><i>Neuronal synchrony: a versatile code for the definition of relations?</i> Neuron (Elsevier), 1999.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFEngelFriesSinger2001" class="citation journal cs1">Engel, Andreas K.; <a href="Pascal_Fries" title="Pascal Fries">Fries, Pascal</a>; Singer, Wolf (2001). "Dynamic predictions: Oscillations and synchrony in top–down processing". <i>Nature Reviews Neuroscience</i>. <b>2</b> (10). Springer Science and Business Media LLC: <span class="nowrap">704–</span>716. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F35094565">10.1038/35094565</a>. <a href="ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1471-003X">1471-003X</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11584308">11584308</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:13224138">13224138</a>.</cite></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Books</dt>

<ul><li><i>Neurobiology of Human Values</i>, Springer, 2005, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-540-26253-4</bdi></li>

<li><i>Dynamic coordination in the brain: from neurons to mind</i>, MIT Press, 2010, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-3-642-11667-4</bdi></li>

<li><i>Interdisciplinary Anthropology: Continuing Evolution of Man</i>, Springer, 2011, <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-262-01471-7</bdi></li>

<li><i>Vom Gehirn zum Bewusstsein</i> ("From brain to consciousness"), Suhrkamp, 2006.</li>

<li><i>Hirnforschung und Meditation: Ein Dialog</i> ("Brain research and meditation: a dialogue"), Unseld, 2008. With <a href="Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a>.</li>

<li><i>Der Beobachter im Gehirn: Essays zur Hirnforschung</i> ("The observer in the brain – essays"), Suhrkamp, 2013.</li>

<li><i>Beyond the Self: Conversations between Buddhism and Neuroscience</i>, MIT Press, 2017. With Matthieu Ricard.</li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brain.mpg.de/research/emeriti/prof-dr-hc-mult-wolf-singer/curriculum-vitae.html">Curriculum Vitae</a> MPI Brain Research.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Spinney2017" class="citation journal cs1">Laura Spinney (1 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132048">"Matthieu Ricard and Wolf Singer's Beyond the Self: Conversations between Buddhism and Neuroscience"</a>. <i>Cerebrum: The Dana Forum on Brain Science</i>. <b>2017</b>: cer-15–17. <a href="PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6132048">6132048</a></span>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30210665">30210665</a>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLaura_Spinney2004" class="citation news cs1">Laura Spinney (12 August 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2004/aug/12/science.highereducation1">"I'm not guilty – but my brain is"</a>. <i><a href="The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spektrum.de/pdf/gug-04-06-s030-pdf/834924">"Das Manifest"</a>. <i>Gehirn&Geist</i>. <b>6</b>. 2004.</cite></span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casinapioiv.va/content/accademia/en/academicians/ordinary/singerw.html">Singer</a>, vatican.va.</span>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFYvonne_Kaul2014" class="citation news cs1">Yvonne Kaul (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idw-online.de/en/news585634">"EMBO enlarges its membership for 50th anniversary"</a>. <a href="Informationsdienst_Wissenschaft" title="Informationsdienst Wissenschaft">Informationsdienst Wissenschaft</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite></span>

</li>

</ol></div></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brain.mpg.de/research/singer-emeritus-group.html">Wolf Singer Emeritus Group</a></li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfn.org/~/media/SfN/Documents/TheHistoryofNeuroscience/Volume%209/HON_V9Singer.ashx">Society of Neuroscience – Wolf Singer (PDF)</a></li></ul>

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